</python>
<typescript>
End-to-end RAG pipeline: load documents, split into chunks, embed, store, retrieve, and generate a response.
```typescript
import { ChatOpenAI, OpenAIEmbeddings } from "@langchain/openai";
import { MemoryVectorStore } from "@langchain/classic/vectorstores/memory";
import { RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter } from "@langchain/textsplitters";
import { Document } from "@langchain/core/documents";

// 1. Load documents
const docs = [
  new Document({ pageContent: "LangChain is a framework for LLM apps.", metadata: {} }),
  new Document({ pageContent: "RAG = Retrieval Augmented Generation.", metadata: {} }),
];

// 2. Split documents
const splitter = new RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter({ chunkSize: 500, chunkOverlap: 50 });
const splits = await splitter.splitDocuments(docs);

// 3. Create embeddings and store
const embeddings = new OpenAIEmbeddings({ model: "text-embedding-3-small" });
const vectorstore = await MemoryVectorStore.fromDocuments(splits, embeddings);

// 4. Create retriever
const retriever = vectorstore.asRetriever({ k: 4 });

// 5. Use in RAG
const model = new ChatOpenAI({ model: "gpt-4.1" });
const query = "What is RAG?";
const relevantDocs = await retriever.invoke(query);

const context = relevantDocs.map(doc => doc.pageContent).join("\n\n");
const response = await model.invoke([
  { role: "system", content: `Use this context:\n\n${context}` },
  { role: "user", content: query },
]);

</python>
<typescript>
Load a PDF file and extract each page as a separate document.
```typescript
import { PDFLoader } from "@langchain/community/document_loaders/fs/pdf";

const loader = new PDFLoader("./document.pdf");
const docs = await loader.load();
console.log(`Loaded ${docs.length} pages`);

</python>
<typescript>
Fetch and parse content from a web URL into a document using Cheerio.
```typescript
import { CheerioWebBaseLoader } from "@langchain/community/document_loaders/web/cheerio";

const loader = new CheerioWebBaseLoader("https://docs.langchain.com");
const docs = await loader.load();

</python>
</ex-loading-directory>

---

## Text Splitting

<ex-text-splitting>
<python>
Split documents into chunks using RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter with configurable size and overlap.
```python
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=1000,        # Characters per chunk
    chunk_overlap=200,      # Overlap for context continuity
    separators=["\n\n", "\n", " ", ""],  # Split hierarchy
)

splits = splitter.split_documents(docs)

</python>
<typescript>
Create a Chroma vector store connected to a running Chroma server.
```typescript
import { Chroma } from "@langchain/community/vectorstores/chroma";
import { OpenAIEmbeddings } from "@langchain/openai";

const vectorstore = await Chroma.fromDocuments(
  splits,
  new OpenAIEmbeddings(),
  { collectionName: "my-collection", url: "http://localhost:8000" }
);

</python>
<typescript>
Create a FAISS vector store, save it to disk, and reload it.
```typescript
import { FaissStore } from "@langchain/community/vectorstores/faiss";

const vectorstore = await FaissStore.fromDocuments(splits, embeddings);
await vectorstore.save("./faiss_index");

const loaded = await FaissStore.load("./faiss_index", embeddings);

</python>
<typescript>
Perform similarity search and retrieve results with relevance scores.
```typescript
// Basic search
const results = await vectorstore.similaritySearch(query, 5);

// With scores
const resultsWithScore = await vectorstore.similaritySearchWithScore(query, 5);
for (const [doc, score] of resultsWithScore) {
  console.log(`Score: ${score}, Content: ${doc.pageContent}`);
}

</python>
</ex-metadata-filtering>

<ex-rag-with-agent>
<python>
Create an agent that uses RAG as a tool for answering questions.
```python
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from langchain.tools import tool

@tool
def search_docs(query: str) -> str:
    """Search documentation for relevant information."""
    docs = retriever.invoke(query)
    return "\n\n".join([d.page_content for d in docs])

agent = create_agent(
    model="gpt-4.1",
    tools=[search_docs],
)

result = agent.invoke({
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "How do I create an agent?"}]
})

</typescript>
</ex-rag-with-agent>

<boundaries>
### What You CAN Configure

- Chunk size/overlap
- Embedding model
- Number of results (k)
- Metadata filters
- Search algorithms: Similarity, MMR

### What You CANNOT Configure

- Embedding dimensions (per model)
- Mix embeddings from different models in same store
</boundaries>

<fix-chunk-size>
<python>
Chunk size 500-1500 is typically good.
```python
# WRONG: Too small (loses context) or too large (hits limits)
splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=50)
splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=10000)

# CORRECT
splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=200)

</typescript>
</fix-chunk-size>

<fix-chunk-overlap>
<python>
Use overlap (10-20% of chunk size) to maintain context at boundaries.
```python
# WRONG: No overlap - context breaks at boundaries
splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=0)

# CORRECT: 10-20% overlap
splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=200)

</python>
<typescript>
Use persistent vector store instead of in-memory to avoid data loss.
```typescript
// WRONG: Memory - lost on restart
const vectorstore = await MemoryVectorStore.fromDocuments(docs, embeddings);

// CORRECT
const vectorstore = await Chroma.fromDocuments(docs, embeddings, { collectionName: "my-collection" });

</python>
<typescript>
Use the same embedding model for indexing and querying.
```typescript
const embeddings = new OpenAIEmbeddings({ model: "text-embedding-3-small" });
const vectorstore = await Chroma.fromDocuments(docs, embeddings);
const retriever = vectorstore.asRetriever();  // Uses same embeddings

</python>
</fix-faiss-deserialization>

<fix-dimension-mismatch>
<python>
Ensure embedding dimensions match the vector store index dimensions.
```python
# WRONG: Index has 1536 dimensions but using 512-dim embeddings
pc.create_index(name="idx", dimension=1536, metric="cosine")
vectorstore = PineconeVectorStore.from_documents(
    docs, OpenAIEmbeddings(model="text-embedding-3-small", dimensions=512), index=pc.Index("idx")
)  # Error: dimension mismatch!

# CORRECT: Match dimensions
embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()  # Default 1536