d1-drizzle-schema
Generate Drizzle ORM schemas for Cloudflare D1 databases with correct D1-specific patterns. Produces schema files, migration commands, type exports, and DATABASESCHEMA.md documentation. Handles D1 quirks: foreign keys always enforced, no native BOOLEAN/DATETIME types, 100 bound parameter limit, JSON stored as TEXT. Use when creating a new database, adding tables, or scaffolding a D1 data layer.
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Install
Works with every agent the skills CLI supports.
npx skills add https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills --skill d1-drizzle-schema- 01
Install
Run the command in your project. The CLI asks which agents to install for.
- 02
Describe the task
Ask your agent for something this skill covers. It loads d1-drizzle-schema automatically when relevant.
- 03
Review the result
The agent follows the SKILL.md steps, scripts and references bundled with the skill.
SKILL.md
The instructions your agent reads when the skill is triggered.
D1 Drizzle Schema
Generate correct Drizzle ORM schemas for Cloudflare D1. D1 is SQLite-based but has important differences that cause subtle bugs if you use standard SQLite patterns. This skill produces schemas that work correctly with D1's constraints.
Critical D1 Differences
| Feature | Standard SQLite | D1 |
|---|---|---|
| Foreign keys | OFF by default | Always ON (cannot disable) |
| Boolean type | No | No — use integer({ mode: 'boolean' }) |
| Datetime type | No | No — use integer({ mode: 'timestamp' }) |
| Max bound params | ~999 | 100 (affects bulk inserts) |
| JSON support | Extension | Always available (json_extract, ->, ->>) |
| Concurrency | Multi-writer | Single-threaded (one query at a time) |
Workflow
Step 1: Describe the Data Model
Gather requirements: what tables, what relationships, what needs indexing. If working from an existing description, infer the schema directly.
Step 2: Generate Drizzle Schema
Create schema files using D1-correct column patterns:
import { sqliteTable, text, integer, real, index, uniqueIndex } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'
export const users = sqliteTable('users', {
// UUID primary key (preferred for D1)
id: text('id').primaryKey().$defaultFn(() => crypto.randomUUID()),
// Text fields
name: text('name').notNull(),
email: text('email').notNull(),
// Enum (stored as TEXT, validated at schema level)
role: text('role', { enum: ['admin', 'editor', 'viewer'] }).notNull().default('viewer'),
// Boolean (D1 has no BOOL — stored as INTEGER 0/1)
emailVerified: integer('email_verified', { mode: 'boolean' }).notNull().default(false),
// Timestamp (D1 has no DATETIME — stored as unix seconds)
createdAt: integer('created_at', { mode: 'timestamp' }).notNull().$defaultFn(() => new Date()),
updatedAt: integer('updated_at', { mode: 'timestamp' }).notNull().$defaultFn(() => new Date()),
// Typed JSON (stored as TEXT, Drizzle auto-serialises)
preferences: text('preferences', { mode: 'json' }).$type<UserPreferences>(),
// Foreign key (always enforced in D1)
organisationId: text('organisation_id').references(() => organisations.id, { onDelete: 'cascade' }),
}, (table) => ({
emailIdx: uniqueIndex('users_email_idx').on(table.email),
orgIdx: index('users_org_idx').on(table.organisationId),
}))
See references/column-patterns.md for the full type reference.
Step 3: Add Relations
Drizzle relations are query builder helpers (separate from FK constraints):
import { relations } from 'drizzle-orm'
export const usersRelations = relations(users, ({ one, many }) => ({
organisation: one(organisations, {
fields: [users.organisationId],
references: [organisations.id],
}),
posts: many(posts),
}))
Step 4: Export Types
export type User = typeof users.$inferSelect
export type NewUser = typeof users.$inferInsert
Step 5: Set Up Drizzle Config
Copy assets/drizzle-config-template.ts to drizzle.config.ts and update the schema path.
Step 6: Add Migration Scripts
Add to package.json:
{
"db:generate": "drizzle-kit generate",
"db:migrate:local": "wrangler d1 migrations apply DB --local",
"db:migrate:remote": "wrangler d1 migrations apply DB --remote"
}
Always run on BOTH local AND remote before testing.
Step 7: Generate DATABASE_SCHEMA.md
Document the schema for future sessions:
- Tables with columns, types, and constraints
- Relationships and foreign keys
- Indexes and their purpose
- Migration workflow
Bulk Insert Pattern
D1 limits bound parameters to 100. Calculate batch size:
const BATCH_SIZE = Math.floor(100 / COLUMNS_PER_ROW)
for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i += BATCH_SIZE) {
await db.insert(table).values(rows.slice(i, i + BATCH_SIZE))
}
D1 Runtime Usage
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/d1'
import * as schema from './schema'
// In Worker fetch handler:
const db = drizzle(env.DB, { schema })
// Query patterns
const all = await db.select().from(schema.users).all() // Array<User>
const one = await db.select().from(schema.users).where(eq(schema.users.id, id)).get() // User | undefined
const count = await db.select({ count: sql`count(*)` }).from(schema.users).get()
Reference Files
| When | Read |
|---|---|
| D1 vs SQLite, JSON queries, limits | references/d1-specifics.md |
| Column type patterns for Drizzle + D1 | references/column-patterns.md |
Assets
| File | Purpose |
|---|---|
| assets/drizzle-config-template.ts | Starter drizzle.config.ts for D1 |
| assets/schema-template.ts | Example schema with all common D1 patterns |
FAQ
What does the d1-drizzle-schema skill do?
Generate Drizzle ORM schemas for Cloudflare D1 databases with correct D1-specific patterns. Produces schema files, migration commands, type exports, and DATABASESCHEMA.md documentation. Handles D1 quirks: foreign keys always enforced, no native BOOLEAN/DATETIME types, 100 bound parameter limit, JSON stored as TEXT. Use when creating a new database, adding tables, or scaffolding a D1 data layer.
How do I install d1-drizzle-schema?
Run npx skills add https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills --skill d1-drizzle-schema in your project. The skills CLI detects the agents you use and copies the skill into the right folder. For Claude Code you can also place the skill folder at ~/.claude/skills/d1-drizzle-schema/ (personal) or .claude/skills/d1-drizzle-schema/ (project).
Which AI agents can use d1-drizzle-schema?
Any agent that supports the open Agent Skills format (a folder with a SKILL.md file), including Claude Code, Codex, Cursor, GitHub Copilot, Gemini CLI, Windsurf, Cline, OpenCode and more.
Is d1-drizzle-schema safe to install?
No partner security audit is available yet. Skills can run commands and scripts, so read the SKILL.md and any bundled files before installing.
Who maintains d1-drizzle-schema?
It is published by jezweb in jezweb/claude-skills. It has 1,704 recorded installs.
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