empty-state

Design or improve empty states so blank areas become useful product moments that teach, orient, and move users toward the next step.

This skill is specifically for zero-data and no-content surfaces. Use onboard for broader activation strategy, aha moments, first-run education, tours, and adoption planning.

MANDATORY PREPARATION

Read frontend-design and follow its Context Gathering Protocol. Reuse available context and ask only about consequential gaps. Additionally gather: the value users should reach from this surface.

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Assess the Empty State

Understand what kind of absence you are dealing with:

1. State type:

   • First use / never created content
   • No results from search or filters
   • Previously cleared content
   • Permission/access restriction
   • Error while loading content inside an existing surface
   • Route-level or full-page failure such as 401, 403, 404, 429, 500, or 503

2. User question:

   • What is this area for?
   • Why should I care?
   • What should I do next?

3. Dead chrome audit:

   • Are tabs, filters, sidebars, sort controls, or empty toolbars visible even though they do nothing yet?

If any of these are unclear from the codebase, ask the user directly to clarify what you cannot infer.

CRITICAL: An empty state is often the user's first impression of a feature. Treat it like a real screen, not a fallback.

Plan the Empty State

Consult the empty-state patterns for the main empty-state types, full-page error variants, CTA rules, and chrome-reduction guidance.

Design the state around this structure:

• What this area is for
• Why it’s useful
• Primary CTA
• Optional template/example
• What inactive chrome should disappear for now

Build Better Empty States

First-Use States

• Explain what will appear here
• Frame the value clearly
• Offer the clearest starting action
• Consider a starter template or sample data shortcut

No-Results States

• Explain that the current query/filter produced nothing
• Offer a recovery action like clearing filters or broadening search
• Preserve enough context so users understand what happened

Cleared-Content States

• Use a lighter tone than first use
• Offer a simple path back to creation
• Add undo or recovery when appropriate

Permission States

• Explain the access limitation plainly
• Say who can grant access or what role is needed
• Offer a request-access path when possible

Error States

• State what failed in simple language
• Match the recovery path to the failure type: retry for transient failures, sign-in for expired sessions, request access for 403, home/search for 404, and status/support for broader service failures
• Add support/help path when needed

Reduce Dead Chrome

• Hide tabs, filters, sidebars, or sort controls that provide no value before content exists
• Keep the screen focused on the message and the next step

Use Visual Interest Carefully

• Illustration or icon is optional, but helpful when it supports comprehension or attention
• The CTA should still be stronger than the decoration

NEVER:

• Leave users staring at “No items” with no next step
• Keep inactive controls visible just because the full UI normally has them
• Let the illustration overpower the message and CTA
• Use the same empty-state tone for first use, permissions, and errors
• Use a generic catch-all error page when a more specific recovery path is available

Verify Empty-State Quality

• Clarity: Does the state explain what belongs here?
• Value framing: Does it explain why the user should care?
• Next step: Is the CTA obvious?
• Chrome cleanup: Is inactive UI removed?
• Appropriate tone: Does the state match first use / no results / permission / error?

Remember: The best empty states feel like helpful product design, not like the app ran out of things to say.